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Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms. This can include individuals with pre-symptomatic or unrecognized symptomatic disease. As such, screening tests are somewhat unique in that they are performed on persons apparently in good health. Screening interventions are designed to identify disease in a community early, thus enabling earlier intervention and management in the hope to reduce mortality and suffering from a disease. Although screening may lead to an earlier diagnosis, not all screening tests have been shown to benefit the person being screened; overdiagnosis, misdiagnosis, and creating a false sense of security are some potential adverse effects of screening. For these reasons, a test used in a screening program, especially for a disease with low incidence, must have good sensitivity in addition to acceptable specificity. Several types of screening exist: universal screening involves screening of all individuals in a certain category (for example, all children of a certain age). Case finding involves screening a smaller group of people based on the presence of risk factors (for example, because a family member has been diagnosed with a hereditary disease). Screening interventions are not designed to be diagnostic, and often have significant rates of both false positive and false negative results. ==Principles of screening== World Health Organization guidelines, often referred to as (Wilson's Criteria ) were published in 1968, but are still applicable today.〔Wilson JMG, Jungner G. (1968) (Principles and practice of screening for disease ) (large pdf). ''WHO Chronicle'' Geneva:World Health Organization. 22(11):473. Public Health Papers, #34.〕 # The condition should be an important health problem. # There should be a treatment for the condition. # Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available. # There should be a latent stage of the disease. # There should be a test or examination for the condition. # The test should be acceptable to the population. # The natural history of the disease should be adequately understood. # There should be an agreed policy on whom to treat. # The total cost of finding a case should be economically balanced in relation to medical expenditure as a whole. # Case-finding should be a continuous process, not just a "once and for all" project. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Screening (medicine)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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